
The commercial success of the Matrix franchise is em- blematic of a pervasive cultural curiosity about the nature and future of the relationship between technology and humanity. In The Matrix: Reloaded, the savior-figure Neo has a conversation with Councillor Hamman, one of the leaders of the last human city Zion. Neo and Councillor Hamman travel to the engineering level of the city, where Hamman observes, “Almost no one comes down here, unless of course there’s a problem. That’s how it is with people. Nobody cares how it works, as long as it works .… I like it down here. I like to be reminded this city survives because of these machines.”
Albert Borgmann, a professor of philosophy at the University of Montana, picks up on the heart of Hamman’s observation, that the central...
R&L: I understand that you have a unique way of doing business. Tell me about it.
Mataro: While maintaining high standards of quality for all our installation jobs, my approach is to hire and train young men—high school age or a little older—who are in trouble with the law, in school, or at home. Their parents, schools, or courts bring them to me. These young men are more to me than a mere source of business output. My wife and I house several of these young guys. We try to teach them a little bit of biblical beliefs as well as teamship and friendship. Meanwhile we help them learn a good trade that they can take anywhere in the world and use. That is what sets our company apart and makes it unique.
R&L: What motivates you...
The book of Genesis says human beings were given do- minion over the natural world. Scripture also teaches that the earth is the Lord’s and everything in it (Ps 24:1). Thus, human society’s dominion over the earth is one of stewardship. We have a responsibility to ensure that the earth is managed properly on behalf of its only rightful owner, God. Wasting the earth’s resources is an unquestionable dereliction of our stewardship responsibilities. But this is only one of our obligations to God. Our overarching responsibility is to seek first God’s kingdom (Mt 6:33). In addition to maintaining the earth as good stewards, seeking the kingdom of God includes loving our neighbor as ourselves (Matt. 22:39), meaning that we must be striving to search for the lost, heal the sick, shelter the homeless, protect the abused,...
Many of us have a maligned understanding of how to be compassionate to those in poverty. Currently, a debilitating welfare culture exists within nations that have adopted to some degree the welfare state model. Many of us have grown accustomed to viewing poverty and compassion narrowly. Eventually, we must face not just minor reform, but the overturning of the old paradigm. Those working in the private sector, to whom the new welfare responsibilities will fall, must begin to adopt the following three perspectives.
First, we can no longer believe that simply writing a check satisfies the call of compassion. The poor are asking for much more than our money. We must begin to make the more difficult sacrifices of our time, energy, and talents. We must go to the poor where they live and enter into their poverty in order to...
James Cooper—he added “Fenimore” later—was born on September 15, 1789 in Burlington, New Jersey. He came from a devout, but eclectic religious family. While his parents were Quakers, they also attended Episcopal and Presbyterian services. The twelfth of thirteen children, of which only four brothers and two sisters survived childhood, Cooper attended a boarding school in Albany, New York, and then Yale College from 1803—1805. In 1806 he received a commission in the United States Navy and was eventually assigned to recruit sailors in New York City. In 1810, Cooper met Susan Augusta De Lancey, resigned his commission,...
Eighty years ago, Woodrow Wilson took America into the twentieth century with a challenge to make the world safe for democracy. As we enter the twenty-first century, our task is to make democracy safe for the world”: the very significance of Fareed Zakaria’s The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad is condensed in its brilliant last paragraph. Dr. Zakaria, who is the editor of Newsweek International and a celebrated commentator, is not the first who tries to complete the geography of the limits and restrains to be imposed on this peculiar form of government.
This effort has been one of the topoi of classical liberalism in the last two centuries: classical liberals were not that much concerned with the question “how many people are choosing the rulers?...
R&L: In your opinion, what are the primary responsibilities of ethical business people in a free market society?
Shiely: In my mind, there is one primary responsibility of business people in a free market society and that is the creation of value. The expectation of value creation is the primary reason society allows firms to exist. By value creation I mean the creation of value through integrative (pie expanding) relationships with the primary corporate constituencies of shareholders, lenders, customers, employees, suppliers, and the communities in which the firm does business. No sustainable economic value has ever been created by unethical business people.
R&L: How would you defend the free market against critics who call for higher...
In 1946 Congress enacted changes in the tax code that per- mitted publicly-held business corporations to deduct charitable donations in amounts up to 5 percent of their federal taxable income. Congress, of course, did not require companies to make charitable donations, but it did wish to encourage them to do so. The legislation became one more landmark in a running controversy about corporate social responsibility.
Simply put, this controversy concerns the question of whether publicly-held business corporations (sole proprietorships and partnerships must be treated somewhat differently) have a duty to the communities in which they operate that goes beyond the duty to obey the law in the conduct of their operations. And if they have such a duty, questions remain about why they have that duty and what exactly it...
Discussions on just wages usually begin with statements like, “How can anyone live on $5.15 an hour and still raise a family? The minimum wage needs to be changed.” Or “How can we justify selling shirts in our stores for twenty-five or thirty dollars apiece when they were sewn in Latin American for fifty cents or less?”
From there the conversation often proceeds to blaming global businesses and capitalism for exploiting workers. Others blame misguided government initiatives. Everyone seems to be searching for a suitable scapegoat—usually in the form of big businesses or ineffective government policies. The discussions often end here as most throw up their hands on what to do about the problem.
Unfortunately, the discussion cannot just end, for as Pope John Paul II...
Many of the current economic problems in the United States have their roots in a currently pressing moral malaise. In these times of moral turmoil many have mistakenly equivocated government-sponsored welfare with the virtue of compassion. Compassion is frequently cited as a reason to justify state supported social programs. So an important question needs to be raised: Is governmental welfare truly compassionate? Are the human needs of the people really served with governmental handouts?
The theory behind the welfare state is that people need material provision. While no one can argue with that, likewise no one should forget the other aspects of human life. It seems that many consider material giving to be the sole way a person can give. One result of this materialism is the belief that the more money that is...
Bartholomew de Las Casas was born in Seville, Spain. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, where the Dominicans were wrestling with moral issues raised by the conquest of the New World. Ambivalent about these moral issues, in 1502, de Las Casas ventured to the island Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and secured a plantation and number of Native American slaves for himself. Eight years later the Dominican Order of Preachers arrived in Hispaniola, decrying the entire system of slavery as tyrannical and evil. This preaching affected de Las Casas deeply. After a time of prayerful reflection he became a priest and was...
In 1967, following two decades of progressively harsher persecution of religion under communist rule, Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha triumphantly declared his nation to be the first atheist state in history. Hoxha, inspired by China’s Cultural revolution, proceeded to confiscate mosques, churches, monasteries, and shrines. Many were immediately razed, others turned into machine shops, warehouses, stables, and movie theaters. Parents were forbidden to give their children religious names. Anyone caught with bibles, icons, or religious objects faced long prison sentences. In the south, where the ethnic Greek population was concentrated, villages named after saints were given secular names. For the religious, a long nightmare of persecution and martyrdom was to follow.
Hoxha’s campaign destroyed life and...
R&L: You have done extensive research and written books on the subject of natural law. What is natural law?
Hittinger: The history of philosophy, theology, and jurisprudence is replete with different definitions. Some definitions emphasize the first principles of practical reason— principles which are implicit whenever we reason about conduct. We can call this order in the human mind. If we emphasize the order of nature, then we bring into view human nature itself as a standard for what ought or ought not to be chosen. We can call this order in nature. While Stoic thinkers of antiquity defined natural justice in relation to divine providence, it was Christian theologians who carefully defined natural law as lex indita, a law imprinted on our being by the Creator. The most...
One need not search far to find the supreme ethic by which we should evaluate all of our actions. The holy scripture is clear that we must love the Lord our God with all our heart and with all our soul and with all our mind and that we must love our neighbors as ourselves (Matt. 22:36, 39). Love for God and neighbor must serve as the basis for any ethics. Here I am primarily interested in examining the love-for-neighbor portion of this supreme ethic within the context of personalism. This discussion will provide valuable insight, because personalism lends itself to the development of a love-for-neighbor ethics, given that the concept of the person is primary and foundational. Thus, a personalist ethics must start with and address ethics in terms of individuals. My particular interest is to construct a primer for personalist ethics...
The economic difficulties of the past several years in the United States have led more and more people to take an active interest in monetary policy and in the Federal Reserve System. Many possess an inchoate sense that there must be a connection between past monetary policy and our current doldrums. At a time when monetary matters are attracting so much attention, therefore, it may be particularly opportune to consider the moral dimensions of the present monetary regime. As we shall see, current monetary policy leaves much to be desired when evaluated against the Christian moral tradition and the thought of several Christian historical figures. To state it more bluntly, the current monetary system fails to comply with even the most basic Christian moral rules, such as the prohibitions against theft and fraud and the call to practice...
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